Decompensation of the cardiovascular diseases
Decompensation of the cardiovascular diseases
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Decompensation of the cardiovascular system: pathophysiology and clinical implications The decompensation of cardiovascular disease no longer constitutes a critical condition in which the heart is able to provide adequate blood to the body to meet its metabolic needs. This process often occurs in patients with pre-existing congestive heart failure, but can also occur in other cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, or valvular heart disease. Pathophysiological Mechanisms The main cause of the decompensation is located in a decrease in the systolic or diastolic function of the heart. In the case of systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle loses its ability to pump efficiently, which leads to a decrease in Cardiac output. In the case of diastolic dysfunction, however, can not relax, the ventricles adequate and complete, allowing the blood to flow to the heart is impeded. As a response to decreased cardiac output, the body activates compensatory mechanisms: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to an increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction; Activation of the Renin‑Angiotensin‑aldosterone system (RAAS), which leads to Retention of water and sodium in the body and the blood volume increases; Myocardial hypertrophy as an attempt to increase the Capacity of the heart. In the long term, these mechanisms lead to a deterioration of the cardiac function, and of encouraging the development of a decompensation. Clinical Symptoms The clinical signs of decompensation are varied and can include the following symptoms: Shortness of breath, especially during physical exercise or at rest (orthopnea); Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; Edema of the lower extremities; Fatigue and decrease the load-carrying capacity; Tachycardia; Increased Jugular Vein Pressure; Rattling in the lungs as a sign of pulmonary congestion. Diagnostics The diagnosis of decompensation is multimodal: History and physical examination. Laboratory parameters: in particular, the level of BNP (B‑typical Natriuretic peptide) and NT‑proBNP is increased in heart failure. Echocardiography for the assessment of ventricular function and structure of the heart. Chest x‑ray for the detection of pulmonary congestion, or pleural effusion. Electrocardiogram (ECG) to the exclusion of the diagnosis of acute coronary events. Therapeutic Approaches The goal of treatment in the case of a decompensation is the stabilization of the hemodynamic status and the reduction of the symptoms. The therapy may include the following measures: Diuretics to reduce Edema and fluid retention. Vasodilators (e.g., nitrates) for the reduction of vascular resistance. Inotropa (e.g., dobutamine) in the case of severe systolic dysfunction. Optimization of the antagonists, long‑term medication: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor. In the case of need for mechanical support systems, or heart transplant. Forecast and prevention The prognosis in the case of a failure depends on the underlying disease, the date of diagnosis and the effectiveness of the therapy. Early treatment and stringent aftercare can slow down the progression of the disease. Preventive measures include regular monitoring of the blood pressure, the treatment of risk factors (Diabetes, hyperlipidemia) and the adherence to a low-salt diet. Would you like me to make a certain section in more detail, or to add more information about an aspect?
Nililinis ang mga ugat na kailangang alagaan mula sa deposito at pinananatili ang kinakailangang lakas ng tibok ng puso! Decompensation of the cardiovascular diseases. Not all cases of high Blood pressure present symptoms of headaches. However, when there is a sudden surge in blood pressure, it can cause a headache. The headache feels like throbbing pain and occurs on both sides of the head. It gets worse with physical activity. (It’s also a sign of a medical emergency).
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Sa pangunahing (esensyal) na altapresyon, ito ay dahil sa impluwensya ng namamana, hilig sa mataas na presyon ng dugo sa konteksto ng hindi malusog na pamumuhay, masamang gawi, hindi malusog na pagkain, na nagdudulot ng labis na timbang. Dagdag pa ang stress, kalikasan, kakulangan sa tulog at aktibidad. Lahat ito ay negatibong nakakaapekto sa trabaho ng puso at sa tono ng mga daluyan ng dugo. Ang presyon ay unang tumataas nang hindi napapansin at pagkatapos ay mas nagiging malinaw. Ang mga modernong gamot sa pag-imprenta ay hinahati sa 10 iba't ibang grupo ayon sa kanilang mekanismo ng pagkilos. Pagkatapos suriin ng doktor ang mga reklamo ng pasyente at ang resulta ng mga pagsusuri, nagrereseta siya ng isa o higit pang gamot, na hindi dapat baguhin nang mag-isa. Ang mga gamot sa puso at daluyan ng dugo ay hindi kabilang sa mga puwedeng irekomenda sa kaibigan. Ang maling desisyon ay maaaring magdulot ng malungkot na kahihinatnan. Lahat ng gamot na pampababa ng presyon ng dugo ay kailangan ng reseta. Sa artikulong ito, tinitingnan natin ang kanilang modernong klasipikasyon base sa mga aktibong sangkap at sa paraan ng epekto nito sa katawan.
Heart disease: symptoms and causes Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death worldwide, and unfortunately, increasing their dissemination. You don't only affect older people, but can also meet the younger age groups. What are the main symptoms are, and what factors contribute to these diseases? Typical Symptoms Most of the cardiovascular diseases show a series of symptoms that are often dismissed initially as insignificant. Among the most common symptoms: Breast pain (also called Angina), the emitting often to the left Arm, neck or jaw; Shortness of breath, even at low load, or even in a state of rest; Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia); Dizziness and fainting, which may indicate inadequate blood flow to the brain; Edema (water retention), and in particular on the legs and feet, as a sign of a weak heart; General fatigue and reduction in performance that is not due to recovery better. Who will notice one or several of these symptoms over a longer period of time, you should immediately consult a doctor. Early detection can save lives. Major causes and risk factors The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse and often interrelated. Scientists distinguish between non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Among the non-modifiable: Genetic predisposition: If in the family, cardiovascular disease incidence, increases the individual's risk. Age: With age, the risk for heart issues. Gender: men are generally affected earlier and more often; after Menopause, the risk in women approaching the men. The modifiable risk factors through their own Actions affect: High blood pressure (hypertension): It increases the load on the heart and blood vessels and promotes atherosclerosis. Elevated cholesterol levels: in Particular, LDL‑cholesterol (bad cholesterol) deposits in the vessel walls and leads to calcification. Diabetes mellitus: He causes damage to the blood vessels and increases the risk for heart attacks and strokes. Overweight and obesity: you are a burden on the heart and are often associated with other risk factors. Smoking: nicotine and other harmful substances to damage the inner vessel walls and promote atherosclerosis. Lack of physical activity: lack of exercise, the heart muscle weakens tissues and promotes Obesity. Unhealthy diet: Too much salt, saturated fat and sugar, the risk of disease increase. Stress: Chronic Stress can lead to high blood pressure and unhealthy compensatory mechanisms (e.g., overeating or Smoking). Conclusion Cardiovascular diseases are serious diseases with serious consequences. However, many of the risk factors you can influence. Healthy living — balanced diet, regular physical activity, not Smoking, and stress reduction can reduce the risk significantly. Pay attention to your body signals and talk to them with your concerns in a timely manner with a doctor. Prevention begins in everyday life — invest in their heart health before it is too late. Would you like me to make a certain section in more detail, or other aspects (e.g., prevention) receiving?